The latter term was also used in ancient Greek for the serpentine monster Typhon, as well as for sharks and elephants. 1 In Hebrew, behemoth (בהמות) means “wild beast” hence the Septuagint Greek translation thēria (θηρία). “Behold the wild beasts around you”, God spoke to Job, and continued describing a fearsome and mighty monster, literally a Behemoth, likened to bulls, with ribs made of bronze and a spine cast of iron, a tail like cedar and teeth like swords. This deified portraiture not only depicts Alexander as descendant of Heracles and Dionysus, both sons of Zeus, but also-through connections with Ammon and Indra-as the legitimate ruler of the three continents of the known world, Europe, Africa, and Asia.
In particular, I re-examined the posthumous portrait of Alexander the Great in which he wears an elephant scalp as a headdress, similar to Heracles’ lion scalp. Tracing the appearance of the elephant in Hellenistic history and art, I suggest that the elephant not only continued to be associated with its Asian and African origins and came to symbolize military triumph over exotic foes, it retained religious and mythic proportions as a fearsome, fabulous monster connected with the martichora and unicorn, griffon and sphinx, dragon and hippocampus. From this time, the animal began to appear in Greco-Roman art. Subsequently, the Successors and later Hellenistic rulers similarly used elephants in battle. The Greco-Macedonian troops first encountered these fearsome creatures in battle during the campaign of Alexander the Great. Elephants were first deployed in warfare by Indian and Persian armies.
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